|
Patient demographics
|
|
Age (median, IQR)
|
39, 27–53
|
44, 31–62
|
0.051
|
|
Age> 56 (n, %)
|
9, 18.36%
|
62, 35.23%
|
0.025
|
|
Male (n, %)
|
42, 85.71%
|
115, 65.34%
|
0.006
|
|
Chinese (n, %)
|
28, 57.14%
|
105, 59.66%
|
0.751
|
|
Ischemic heart disease (n, %)
|
0, 0.00%
|
9, 5.11%
|
0.106
|
|
Diabetes mellitus (n, %)
|
3, 0.06%
|
21, 11.93%
|
0.244
|
|
Hypertension (n, %)
|
7, 14.29%
|
36, 20.45%
|
0.331
|
|
Hyperlipidemia (n, %)
|
3, 0.06%
|
26, 14.77%
|
0.110
|
|
Congestive cardiac failure (n, %)
|
1, 0.02%
|
3, 0.02%
|
0.875
|
|
Cancer (n, %)
|
0, 0.00%
|
13, 0.07%
|
0.052
|
|
Respiratory disease (n, %)
|
2, 0.04%
|
10, 0.06%
|
0.659
|
|
Renal disease (n, %)
|
0, 0.00%
|
6, 0.03%
|
0.190
|
|
Mechanisms of traumatic injury
|
|
Fall (n, %)
|
7, 14.29%
|
87, 49.43%
|
< 0.001
|
|
Road traffic accident (n, %)
|
19, 38.78%
|
46, 26.14%
|
0.084
|
|
Burns (n, %)
|
9, 18.37%
|
15, 0.09%
|
0.048
|
|
Others (n, %)
|
14, 28.57%
|
28, 15.91%
|
0.044
|
|
Outcomes
|
|
Intensive care unit admission (n, %)
|
22, 44.90%
|
5, 2.84%
|
< 0.001
|
|
Death (n, %)
|
10, 20.41%
|
1, 0.57%
|
< 0.001
|
|
Overall stay (median, IQR)
|
21, 9–106
|
3, 2–15
|
< 0.001
|
|
LSI (n, %)
|
49, 21.78%
| | |
|
Operating theatre within 24 h, for trauma (n, %)
|
35, 71.43%
| | |
|
Endotracheal intubation (n, %)
|
10, 20.41%
| | |
|
Blood transfusion (n, %)
|
16, 32.65%
| | |
|
Vital signs
|
|
Heart rate, beats per minute (mean ± SD)
|
93.49 ± 21.28
|
85.42 ± 16.32
|
0.020
|
|
Respiratory rate, breaths per minute (median, IQR)
|
18.00, 14–19
|
18.00, 18–18
|
0.396
|
|
Temperature, degrees Celsius (median, IQR)
|
36.50, 31.3–36.7
|
36.70, 36.1–36.9
|
0.972
|
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (mean ± SD)
|
126.14 ± 29.59
|
138.45 ± 24.76
|
0.238
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (mean ± SD)
|
75.41 ± 19.31
|
77.40 ± 14.84
|
0.106
|
|
Oxygen saturation, % (median, IQR)
|
99, 98–100
|
100, 98–100
|
0.397
|
|
Glasgow coma scale (median, IQR)
|
15, 3–15
|
15, 15–15
|
< 0.001
|
|
Pain score, out of 10 (median, IQR)
|
6, 0–9
|
7, 0–10
|
0.798
|
|
Laboratory results
|
|
Haemoglobin (mean ± SD)
|
13.97 ± 2.55 (n = 49)
|
13.48 ± 2.38 (n = 151)
|
0.852
|
|
pH (median, IQR)
|
7.00, 7.00–7.31 (n = 17)
|
7.36, 7.25–7.41 (n = 22)
|
0.038
|
|
Lactate (median, IQR)
|
2.7, 2.1–3.6 (n = 23)
|
2.2, 1.8–3.3 (n = 38)
|
0.015
|
|
Triage trauma scores
|
|
T-RTS (median, IQR)
|
12, 8–12
|
12, 12–12
|
< 0.001
|
|
MEWS (median, IQR)
|
1, 1–3
|
1, 1–2
|
< 0.001
|
|
M-GAP (median, IQR)
|
25, 17–26
|
27, 22–29
|
0.002
|
|
GAP (median, IQR)
|
22, 12–24
|
24, 19–24
|
0.011
|
